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Related 1. Hot Network Questions. A hacker who sends a user a link pointing to a file on a hacker-controlled server can trick the target computer into trying to authenticate with the current login credentials. This allows a hacker to steal a password hash with a well-crafted phishing email. Both of these techniques have their pros and cons.
Stealing the Windows SAM file requires access to the target computer but can steal more password hashes in one go. A phishing attack allows an attacker to steal a hash remotely but may require an unpatched computer and access to certain ports through any firewalls that lie in the way. The next step in the Windows password cracking process is selecting a password cracking tool.
A variety of different Windows password crackers exist, including:. While all of these are functional tools, hashcat and John the Ripper are often most popular due to their support for a variety of different hash formats. Most Windows password cracking tools will allow any of the three main password cracking techniques. The choice of which technique to use depends mainly on the expected behavior of the target.
Most people use extremely weak passwords. The average person probably uses a dictionary word with common substitutions 0 for O, 4 for A and so on and potentially a special character and a couple of numbers tacked onto the end.
A password cracking tool with a standard English dictionary can crack these passwords without any difficulty. These passwords have been exposed in the rash of recent data breaches and are available online either free or possibly for a price for more curated lists. Brute-force attacks are the only way to be certain of success at password cracking. Strong password systems are designed to make this type of attack computationally unfeasible. The minimum password length is commonly eight characters and allows the full range of letters, numbers, and special characters.
While this may have been secure in the past, it can now be defeated by a hacker with access to the right hardware and software. A Markov attack with a length of seven and a threshold of 65 tries all possible seven-character passwords with the 65 most likely characters for each position.
It drops the keyspace of a classic brute-force from 95 to the power of 7 to 65 to the power of 7, a benefit that saves an attacker about four hours. And since passwords show surprising uniformity when it comes to the types of characters used in each position -- in general, capital letters come at the beginning, lower-case letters come in the middle, and symbols and numbers come at the end -- Markov attacks are able crack almost as many passwords as a straight brute-force.
Gosney said. Once you've fully exploited one pattern you move on to the next. In all, it took Gosney 14 hours and 59 minutes to complete this third stage, which besides Markov attacks included several other custom wordlists combined with rules.
Providing further evidence of the law of diminishing returns that dictates password cracking, it yielded 1, more passwords. It's interesting to note that the increasing difficulty is experienced even within this last step itself.
It took about three hours to cover the first plains in this stage and 12 hours to get the remaining The other two password experts who cracked this list used many of the same techniques and methods, although not in the same sequence and with vastly different tools.
The only wordlist used by radix, for example, came directly from the breach of online games service RockYou. Because the SQL-injection hack exposed more than 14 million unique passwords in plaintext, the list represents the largest corpus of real-world passwords ever to be made public. Like Nate Anderson's foray into password cracking, radix was able to crack 4, of the passwords, nearly 30 percent of the haul, solely by using the RockYou list.
He then took the same list, cut the last four characters off each of the words, and appended every possible four-digit number to the end. Hashcat told him it would take two hours to complete, which was longer than he wanted to spend. Even after terminating the run two after 20 minutes, he had cracked 2, more passcodes.
He seemed to choose techniques for his additional runs almost at random. But in reality, it was a combination of experience, intuition, and possibly a little luck. If you know the source of the hashes, you scrape the company website to make a list of words that pertain to that specific field of business and then manipulate it until you are happy with your results. He then ran the 7, plains he recovered so far through PACK, short for the Password Analysis and Cracking Toolkit developed by password expert Peter Kacherginsky , and noticed some distinct patterns.
A third of them contained eight characters, 19 percent contained nine characters, and 16 percent contained six characters.
PACK also reported that 69 percent of the plains were "stringdigit" meaning a string of letters or symbols that ended with numbers. He also noticed that 62 percent of the recovered passwords were classified as "loweralphanum," meaning they consisted solely of lower-case letters and numbers.
In run 4, he ran a mask attack. This is similar to the hybrid attack mentioned earlier, and it brings much of the benefit of a brute-force attack while drastically reducing the time it takes to run it. The first one tried all possible combinations of lower-case letters and numbers, from one to six characters long more plains recovered. The next step would have been to try all combinations of lower-case letters and numbers with a length of eight. But that would have required more time than radix was willing to spend.
He then considered trying all passwords with a length of eight that contained only lower-case letters. Because the attack excludes upper case letters, the search space was manageable, 26 to the power of 8 instead of 52 to the power of 8.
With radix's machine, that was the difference between spending one hour and six hours respectively. The lower threshold was still more time than he wanted to spend, so he skipped that step too. So radix then shifted his strategy and used some of the rule sets built into Hashcat. One of them allows Hashcat to try a random combination of 5, rules, which can be anything from swapping each "e" with a "3," pulling the first character off each word, or adding a digit between each character.
In just 38 seconds the technique recovered 1, more passwords. You're killing hashes. It's like the ultimate hide and seek. Steube also cracked the list of leaked hashes with aplomb. While the total number of words in his custom dictionaries is much larger, he prefers to work with a "dict" of just million words and pull out the additional ammunition only when a specific job calls for it.
The words are ordered from most to least commonly used. That way, a particular run will crack the majority of the hashes early on and then slowly taper off. Early in the process, Steube couldn't help remarking when he noticed one of the plains he had recovered was "momof3g8kids. By doing hybrid attacks, I'm getting new ideas about how people build new [password] patterns.
The specific type of hybrid attack that cracked that password is known as a combinator attack. It combines each word in a dictionary with every other word in the dictionary. Because these attacks are capable of generating a huge number of guesses -- the square of the number of words in the dict -- crackers often work with smaller word lists or simply terminate a run in progress once things start slowing down.
Other times, they combine words from one big dictionary with words from a smaller one. Steube was able to crack "momof3g8kids" because he had "momof3g" in his million dict and "8kids" in a smaller dict. It's cool," he said. Then referring to the oft-cited xkcd comic , he added: "This is an answer to the batteryhorsestaple thing. What was remarkable about all three cracking sessions were the types of plains that got revealed.
They included passcodes such as "k1araj0hns0n," "Sh1a-labe0uf," "Apr! Seconds after it was cracked, he noted, "You won't ever find it using brute force. The ease these three crackers had converting hashes into their underlying plaintext contrasts sharply with the assurances many websites issue when their password databases are breached. In April, when daily coupons site LivingSocial disclosed a hack that exposed names, addresses, and password hashes for 50 million users, company executives downplayed the risk.
In fact, there's almost nothing preventing crackers from deciphering the hashes. LivingSocial used the SHA1 algorithm, which as mentioned earlier is woefully inadequate for password hashing. He also mentioned that the hashes had been "salted," meaning a unique set of bits had been added to each users' plaintext password before it was hashed. It turns out that this measure did little to mitigate the potential threat. That's because salt is largely a protection against rainbow tables and other types of precomputed attacks, which almost no one ever uses in real-world cracks.
The file sizes involved in rainbow attacks are so unwieldy that they fell out of vogue once GPU-based cracking became viable. LivingSocial later said it's in the process of transitioning to the much more secure bcrypt function.
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